Low-dose atropine 0.01% for the treatment of childhood myopia: a pan-India multicentric retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of low-dose atropine 0.01% in controlling myopia progression among Indian children over a 2-year period. METHODS: This retrospective study, conducted across 20 centres in India, monitored the progression of myopia over 2 years after initiating treatment with 0.01% atropine eye drops. This included children between 6 and 14 years with baseline myopia ranging from -0.5 D to -6 D, astigmatism≤-1.5 D, anisometropia ≤ -1 D and documented myopia progression of ≥0.5 D in the year prior to starting atropine. Subjects with any other ocular pathologies were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 732 children were included in the data analysis. The mean age of the subjects was 9.3±2.7 years. The mean myopia progression at baseline (1 year before starting atropine) was -0.75±0.31 D. The rate of myopia progression was higher in younger subjects and those with higher baseline myopic error. After initiating atropine, myopia progression significantly decreased to -0.27±0.14 D at the end of the first year and -0.24±0.15 D at the end of the second year (p<0.001). Younger children (p<0.001) and higher baseline myopia (p<0.001) was associated with greater myopia progression and poor treatment response (p<0.001 for both). CONCLUSION: Low-dose atropine (0.01%) effectively reduces myopia progression over 2 years in Indian children.

Efficacy of the oxime HI-6 dimethanesulphonate in the treatment of guinea-pigs exposed to the nerve agents GB and GD.

The bispyridinium oxime HI-6 DMS is in development as an improved therapy for the treatment of patients exposed to organophosphorus nerve agents. The aim of the work described in this paper was to provide non-clinical data to support regulatory approval of HI-6 DMS, by demonstrating efficacy against an oxime-sensitive agent, GB and an oxime-resistant agent, GD. We investigated the dose-dependent protection afforded by therapy including atropine, avizafone and HI-6 DMS in guinea-pigs challenged with GB or GD. We also compared the efficacy of 30 mg.kg-1 of HI-6 DMS to an equimolar dose of the current in-service oxime P2S and the dichloride salt of HI-6 (HI-6 Cl2). In the treatment of GB or GD poisoning there was no significant difference between the salt forms. The most effective dose of HI-6 DMS in preventing lethality following challenge with GB was 100 mg.kg-1; though protection ratios of at least 25 were obtained at 10 mg.kg-1. Protection against GD was lower, and there was no significant increase in effectiveness of HI-6 DMS doses of 30 or 100 mg.kg-1. For GD, the outcome was improved by the addition of pyridostigmine pre-treatment. These data demonstrate the benefits of HI-6 DMS as a component of nerve agent therapy. © Crown copyright (2023), Dstl.

Comparison of the clinical efficacy of orthokeratology and 0.01% atropine for retardation of myopia progression in myopic children.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical efficacy of orthokeratology (ortho-k) and 0.01% atropine for retardation of myopia progression in myopic children. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study. A total of 282 patients, aged 8-17 years, were enrolled, including 100 children treated with ortho-k, 84 with 0.01% atropine, and 98 with single-vision spectacles. During the follow-up of 1 year, ortho-k wearers were examined at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months after treatment, and thereafter every 3 months, while the others were examined every 3 months by measurements of uncorrected vision, intraocular pressure, refractive power, slit-lamp microscopy, corneal topography, and the lens fitting when necessary. The axial length was measured every 6 months. RESULTS: Patients with ortho-k had stable uncorrected vision after 1 month of lens wear, all reaching 0 logMAR. The annual axial elongation was 0.23 ± 0.19 mm, 0.22 ± 0.20 mm, and 0.39 ± 0.27 mm in the ortho-k, atropine, and spectacle groups, respectively, with significant difference (F = 23.251, P = 0.000). The axial length was delayed to increase by 41.03% and 43.59% within a year in patients with ortho-k and atropine, respectively, as compared to patients with spectacles (F = 0.006, P = 0.936). The elongation was ≤ 0.3 mm in 69.0% and 66.7% of patients in the two groups, respectively, versus 38.8% in the spectacle group (χ2 = 17.251, P = 0.000). During the follow-up, the rate of corneal staining was 11.0% and 2.0% in the ortho-k and spectacle groups, respectively (χ2 = 8.076, P = 0.003). The use of atropine did not increase corneal staining, but the incidence of related photophobia was 4.8%. No other serious complications were observed. CONCLUSION: Ortho-k lenses and 0.01% atropine can achieve similar efficacy of myopia retardation, which was significantly better than that obtained with single-vision spectacles, in myopic children. The risk of corneal staining after ortho-k wear may be slightly higher than that with spectacles, but could be well controlled.

Low concentration atropine and myopia: a narrative review of the evidence for United Kingdom based practitioners.

The prevalence of myopia is increasing across the world. Controlling myopia progression would be beneficial to reduce adverse outcomes such as retinal detachment and myopic maculopathy which are associated with increased axial length. Pharmacological control of myopia progression with atropine has been investigated since the 19th century and the benefits of slowing myopia progression are considered against the side-effects of near blur and photophobia. More recently, randomised trials have focused on determining the optimum concentration of atropine leading to low-concentration atropine being used to manage myopia progression by practitioners across the world. Currently, in the United Kingdom, there is no licensed pharmacological intervention for myopia management. The aim of this review is to interpret the available data to inform clinical practice. We conducted a narrative review of the literature and identified peer-reviewed randomised controlled trials using the search terms 'myopia' and 'atropine', limited to the English language. We identified two key studies, which were the Atropine in the Treatment Of Myopia (ATOM) and Low-concentration Atropine for Myopia Progression (LAMP). Further studies were identified using the above search terms and the references from the identified literature. Atropine 0.01% has a modest effect on controlling axial length progression. Atropine 0.05% appears to be superior to atropine 0.01% in managing myopia progression. There is a dose-dependent rebound effect when treatment is stopped. Atropine is a well-tolerated, safe, and effective intervention. Treatment would be needed for several years and into adolescence, until axial length progression is stable.

Optical interventions for myopia control.

A range of optical interventions have been developed to slow the progression of myopia. This review summarizes key studies and their outcomes. Peer-reviewed, randomized controlled clinical trials of at least 18 months duration were identified. Randomized clinical trials were identified and summarised: 13 for spectacles, 5 for overnight orthokeratology, 5 for soft contact lenses, and 3 for orthokeratology combined with low concentration atropine. Overnight orthokeratology trials were the most consistent with 2-year slowing of axial elongation between 0.24 and 0.32 mm. Other modalities were more variable due to the wide range of optical designs. Among spectacle interventions, progressive addition lenses were the least effective, slowing axial elongation and myopia progression by no more than 0.11 mm and 0.31 D, respectively. In contrast, novel designs with peripheral lenslets slow 2-year elongation and progression by up to 0.35 mm and 0.80 D. Among soft contact lens interventions, medium add concentric bifocals slow 3-year elongation and progression by only 0.07 mm and 0.16 D, while a dual-focus design slows 3-year elongation and progression by 0.28 mm and 0.67 D. In summary, all three optical interventions have the potential to significantly slow myopia progression. Quality of vision is largely unaffected, and safety is satisfactory. Areas of uncertainty include the potential for post-treatment acceleration of progression and the benefit of adding atropine to optical interventions.

Evaluation and Comparison of the Effectiveness of Atropine Eye Drops, Ipratropium Bromide Nasal Spray, and Amitriptyline Tablet in the Management of Clozapine-Associated Sialorrhea in Patients With Refractory Schizophrenia: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE: Clozapine, a second-generation antipsychotic medication, is mainly indicated for managing treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Among all the nonthreatening adverse effects of clozapine, sialorrhea is a stigmatizing complication occurring in approximately 31.0% to 97.4% of patients. In this study, 2 topical agents (atropine eye drop and ipratropium nasal spray) and a systemic medication (amitriptyline) were compared simultaneously for the management of clozapine-associated sialorrhea. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, single-blinded, non-placebo-controlled clinical trial from June 2022 to January 2023. Eligible patients were randomly allocated into 3 mentioned groups. Patients were monitored for sialorrhea weekly based on scales, including the Toronto Nocturnal Hypersalivation Scale, Clinical Global Impression-Improvement, and Clinical Global Impression-Severity for 1 month. Possible adverse drug reactions and adherence were also recorded. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients, including 6, 10, and 8 individuals in ipratropium bromide nasal spray, atropine eye drop, and amitriptyline groups, completed the study, respectively. The cohort's demographic, baseline clinical, and sociocultural characteristics were comparable among the 3 groups. Within-group comparisons, between times baseline and week 4, demonstrated that significant differences were in groups atropine and amitriptyline based on Toronto Nocturnal Hypersalivation Scale, in 3 groups based on Clinical Global Impression-Improvement, and also in only-atropine group based on Clinical Global Impression-Severity. Likewise, between-group comparisons showed that atropine was significantly more effective in clozapine-associated sialorrhea management than amitriptyline and ipratropium, in the first 2 weeks and second 2 weeks of study, respectively. Regarding safety, the interventions were tolerated relatively well. CONCLUSIONS: Conclusively, atropine is more efficacious than amitriptyline, within the first 2 weeks of study and also relative to ipratropium, overall. As time effect was significant between atropine and amitriptyline, according to analysis of covariance test, further investigation with longer follow-up duration would be prudent. In addition, expanding patient population with larger sample size should be conducted for more precision.

[Belladonna (Atropine), in The Labours of Hercules].

The Labours of Hercules, written by Agatha Christie, contains twelve short stories, with 'atropine' playing a crucial role in the seventh story, The Cretan Bull (1939). Atropine easily crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB), leading to central nervous system (CNS) side effects such as delirium, hallucinations, disorientation, memory problems, coma or stupor, and convulsive seizures when overdosed. In this episode, a concentrated form of atropine obtained from prescribed eye drops was misused to induce a hereditary incurable neurodegenerative disorder, similar to Huntington's Chorea, in the client's fiancée. However, Mr. Poirot discerned this by careful examination of his symptoms and resolved the case.

Protocol for a parallel assignment prospective, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of 0.01% atropine for near work-induced transient myopia and myopic progression in China.

INTRODUCTION: Assessment of near work-induced transient myopia (NITM) is important for permanent myopia development and progression. Atropine eye drop has been reported to be beneficial in reducing initial NITM and slowing down myopic progression. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of 0.01% atropine in treating NITM and its possible association with the progression of refractive change in Chinese myopic children. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The study is designed as a parallel assignment prospective, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial conducted at He Eye Specialist Hospital in Shenyang, China. One hundred fifty participants will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive 0.01% atropine or placebo eye drop once nightly bilaterally for 1 year. Initial NITM, cycloplegic refraction, axial length, best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure and pupil diameter will be measured at baseline, 4 weeks, 12 weeks, 24 weeks, 36 weeks and 48 weeks. Visual Function Questionnaire will be administered at baseline and each follow-up visit. Adverse events also will be monitored and documented at each subsequent follow-up visit. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: A parallel assignment prospective, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of 0.01% atropine for near work-induced transient myopia and myopic progression registered on 10 September 2023. Ethics approval number: IRB (2023) K025.01. The study's findings will be shared regardless of the effect's direction. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT06034366.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Myopia Progression Interventions in Children.

Importance: Several interventions exist for treating myopia progression in children. While these interventions' efficacy has been studied, their cost-effectiveness remains unknown and has not been compared. Objective: To determine cost-effective options for controlling myopia progression in children. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this cost-effectiveness analysis, a Markov model was designed to compare the cost-effectiveness of interventions for controlling myopia progression over 5 years from a societal perspective in a simulated hypothetical cohort of patients aged 10 years with myopia. Myopia interventions considered included atropine eye drops, 0.05% and 0.01%, defocus incorporated multiple segment spectacles, outdoor activity, soft contact lenses (daily disposable and multifocal), rigid gas-permeable contact lenses, progressive addition lenses, bifocal spectacle lenses, orthokeratology, highly aspherical lenslets (HALs), and red light therapy; all interventions were compared with single-vision lenses. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis determined the association of model uncertainties with the cost-effectiveness. Costs were obtained from the charges of the Hospital Authority of Hong Kong and The Chinese University of Hong Kong Eye Center. Main Outcome and Measures: The mean costs (in US dollars) per child included the cost of hospital visits, medications, and optical lenses. The outcomes of effectiveness were the annual spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) reductions. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated for each strategy relative to single-vision lenses over a time horizon of 5 years. Results: Outdoor activity, atropine (0.05%), red light therapy, HALs, and orthokeratology were cost-effective. The ICER of atropine, 0.05%, was US $220/SER reduction; red light therapy, US $846/SER reduction; and HALs, US $448/SER reduction. Outdoor activity yielded a savings of US $5/SER reduction and US $8/AL reduction. Orthokeratology resulted in an ICER of US $2376/AL reduction. Conclusions and Relevance: These findings suggest that atropine eye drops, 0.05%, and outdoor activity are cost-effective for controlling myopia progression in children. Though more expensive, red light therapy, HALs, and orthokeratology may also be cost-effective. The use of these interventions may help to control myopia in a cost-effective way.

Observation of the effect of posterior scleral reinforcement combined with orthokeratology and 0.01% atropine in the treatment of congenital myopia: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Myopia has recently emerged as a significant threat to global public health. The high and pathological myopia in children and adolescents could result in irreversible damage to eye tissues and severe impairment of visual function without timely control. Posterior scleral reinforcement (PSR) can effectively control the progression of high myopia by limiting posterior scleral expansion, improving retrobulbar vascular perfusion, thereby stabilizing the axial length and refraction of the eye. Moreover, orthokeratology and low concentrations of atropine are also effective in slowing myopia progression. CASE PRESENTATION: A female child was diagnosed with binocular congenital myopia and amblyopia at the age of 3 and the patient's vision had never been rectified with spectacles at the first consultation. The patient's ophthalmological findings suggested, high refractive error with low best corrected visual acuity, longer axial length beyond the standard level of her age, and fundus examination suggesting posterior scleral staphyloma with weakened hemodynamics of the posterior ciliary artery. Thereby, PSR was performed to improve fundus health and the combination of orthokeratology and 0.01% atropine were performed to control the development of myopia. Following up to 8 years of clinical treatment and observations, the progression of myopia could be well controlled and fundus health was stable. CONCLUSION: In this report, 8-year of clinical observation indicated that PSR could improve choroidal thickness and hemodynamic parameters of the retrobulbar vessels, postoperative orthokeratology combined with 0.01% atropine treatment strategy may be a good choice for myopia control effectively.

Atropine does not prevent hypoxemia and bradycardia in tracheal intubation in the pediatric emergency department: observational study.

OBJECTIVE: The benefit of atropine in pediatric tracheal intubation is not well established. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of atropine on the incidence of hypoxemia and bradycardia during tracheal intubations in the pediatric emergency department. METHODS: This is a single-center observational study in a tertiary pediatric emergency department. Data were collected on all tracheal intubations in patients from 31 days to incomplete 20 years old, performed between January 2016 and September 2020. Procedures were divided into two groups according to the use or not of atropine as a premedication during intubation. Records with missing data, patients with cardiorespiratory arrest, cyanotic congenital heart diseases, and those with chronic lung diseases with baseline hypoxemia were excluded. The primary outcome was hypoxemia (peripheral oxygen saturation ≤88%), while the secondary outcomes were bradycardia (decrease in heart rate >20% between the maximum and minimum values) and critical bradycardia (heart rate <60 bpm) during intubation procedure. RESULTS: A total of 151 tracheal intubations were identified during the study period, of which 126 were eligible. Of those, 77% had complex, chronic underlying diseases. Atropine was administered to 43 (34.1%) patients and was associated with greater odds of hypoxemia in univariable analysis (OR: 2.62; 95%CI 1.15-6.16; p=0.027) but not in multivariable analysis (OR: 2.07; 95%CI 0.42-10.32; p=0.37). Critical bradycardia occurred in only three patients, being two in the atropine group (p=0.26). Bradycardia was analyzed in only 42 procedures. Atropine use was associated with higher odds of bradycardia in multivariable analysis (OR: 11.00; 95%CI 1.3-92.8; p=0.028). CONCLUSIONS: Atropine as a premedication in tracheal intubation did not prevent the occurrence of hypoxemia or bradycardia during intubation procedures in pediatric emergency.

Preventing the Progression of Myopia in Children-A Review of the Past Decade.

The growing incidence of myopia worldwide justifies the search for efficient methods of myopia prevention. Numerous pharmacological, optical, and lifestyle measures have already been utilized, but there remains a need to explore more practical and predictable methods for myopia control. This paper presents a review of the most recent studies on the prevention of myopia progression using defocus-incorporated multiple-segment spectacle lenses (DIMSsl), repeated low-level red-light (RLRL) therapy, and a combination of low-dose atropine (0.01%) with orthokeratology lenses.

Safety and efficacy of 0.01% and 0.1% low-dose atropine eye drop regimens for reduction of myopia progression in Danish children: a randomized clinical trial examining one-year effect and safety.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the efficacy and safety of 0.1% and 0.01% low-dose atropine eye drops in reducing myopia progression in Danish children. METHODS: Investigator-initiated, placebo-controlled, double-masked, randomized clinical trial. Ninety-seven six- to twelve-year old myopic participants were randomized to 0.1% loading dose for six months followed by 0.01% for six months (loading dose group, Number (N) = 33), 0.01% for twelve months (0.01% group, N = 32) or vehicle for twelve months (placebo, N = 32). Primary outcomes were axial length and spherical equivalent refraction. Secondary outcomes included adverse events and reactions, choroidal thickness and ocular biometry. Outcomes were measured at baseline and three-month intervals. Data was analyzed with linear-mixed model analysis according to intention-to-treat. RESULTS: Mean axial elongation was 0.10 mm less (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.17; 0.02, adjusted-p = 0.06) in the 0.1% loading dose and 0.07 mm less (95% CI: 0.15; 0.00, adjusted-p = 0.16) in the 0.01% group at twelve months compared to placebo. Mean spherical equivalent refraction progression was 0.24 D (95% CI: 0.05; 0.42) less in the loading dose and 0.19 D (95% CI: 0.00; 0.38) less in the 0.01% groups at twelve months, compared to placebo (adjusted-p = 0.06 and 0.14, respectively). A total of 108 adverse events were reported during the initial six-month loading dose period, primarily in the loading dose group, and 14 were reported in the six months following dose switching, all deemed mild except two serious adverse events, unrelated to the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose atropine eye drops are safe over twelve months in otherwise healthy children. There may be a modest but clinically relevant reduction in myopia progression in Danish children after twelve months treatment, but the effect was statistically non-significant after multiple comparisons adjustment. After dose-switching at six months the loading dose group approached the 0.01% group, potentially indicating an early "rebound-effect". TRIAL REGISTRATION: this study was registered in the European Clinical Trials Database (EudraCT, number: 2018-001286-16) 05/11/2018 and first posted at www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov (NCT03911271) 11/04/2019, prior to initiation.

Ventricular tachycardia and acute heart failure induced by atropine in the treatment of bradycardia: A case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Despite various advantages of laparoscopic surgical procedures, artificial pneumoperitoneum might lead to hemodynamic fluctuations including severe bradycardia and cardiac arrest. Atropine is usually proposed to treat intraoperative severe bradycardia ( < 40 beats per minute). However, atropine could induce ventricular arrhythmias, which might be life-threatening in severe case. PATIENT CONCERNS: Here, we reported a 41-year-old female who was diagnosed with gallbladder polyps and was scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia. DIAGNOSES: Bradycardia occurred suddenly during the operation and atropine was injected intravenously. Eventually the patient developed ventricular tachycardia and acute heart failure. INTERVENTIONS: We organized an urgent consultation and the patient was treated immediately. OUTCOMES: Fortunately, the patient experienced no complications after timely diagnosis and treatment. After 6 months of follow-up, her New York Heart Association classification was I with no complications. LESSONS: This case highlighted that the administration of atropine to treat bradycardia may lead to ventricular tachycardia and acute heart failure, and anesthesiologists should remain vigilant to avoid potentially life-threatening consequences.

Advances in myopia prevention strategies for school-aged children: a comprehensive review.

Myopia has significantly risen in East and Southeast Asia, and the pathological outcomes of this condition, such as myopic maculopathy and optic neuropathy linked to high myopia, have emerged as leading causes of irreversible vision loss. Addressing this issue requires strategies to reduce myopia prevalence and prevent progression to high myopia. Encouraging outdoor activities for schoolchildren and reducing near-work and screen time can effectively prevent myopia development, offering a safe intervention that promotes healthier habits. Several clinical approaches can be employed to decelerate myopia progression, such as administering low-dose atropine eye drops (0.05%), utilizing orthokeratology lenses, implementing soft contact lenses equipped with myopia control features, and incorporating spectacle lenses with aspherical lenslets. When choosing an appropriate strategy, factors such as age, ethnicity, and the rate of myopia progression should be considered. However, some treatments may encounter obstacles such as adverse side effects, high costs, complex procedures, or limited effectiveness. Presently, low-dose atropine (0.05%), soft contact lenses with myopia control features, and orthokeratology lenses appear as promising options for managing myopia. The measures mentioned above are not necessarily mutually exclusive, and researchers are increasingly exploring their combined effects. By advocating for a personalized approach based on individual risk factors and the unique needs of each child, this review aims to contribute to the development of targeted and effective myopia prevention strategies, thereby minimizing the impact of myopia and its related complications among school-aged children in affected regions.

Real-world outcomes of low-dose atropine therapy on myopia progression in an Australian cohort during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: To report the outcomes of low-dose atropine (0.01% and 0.05%) for preventing myopia progression in a real-world Australian cohort during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Records of children presenting with myopia, from January 2016 to 2022, were retrospectively reviewed at a comprehensive ophthalmic practice. Children who discontinued treatment, ages >18, and cases with hereditary conditions were excluded. The rate of progression of myopia after treatment with atropine was compared with historical data to evaluate the effectiveness of the regime. RESULTS: One hundred and one children (mean baseline spherical equivalent [SphE] [-3.70 +/- 2.09 D] and axial length [AL] [24.59 +/- 1.00 mm]) were analysed. The mean age of the children was 10.4 +/- 2.89 years and 61% were females. The average follow-up time was 17.9 +/- 12.5 months. The mean rate of progression of AL and SphE on 0.01% atropine eyedrops was 0.219 +/- 0.35 mm and - 0.250 +/- 0.86 D/year, respectively. 68.1% of the children treated with 0.01% atropine were mild progressors (<0.5 D change/year). Non-responders when commenced on a higher dose of atropine (0.05%) experienced a 93% (p = 0.012) and 30% reduction in SphE and AL growth rate, respectively. Family history, higher myopia or younger age at baseline and shorter duration of treatment were associated with steeper progression (p < 0.01). Both doses were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose atropine was shown to be beneficial in a real-world clinical setting, despite interruptions to follow-ups secondary to COVID-19 pandemic. A 0.05% dose of atropine may be effective in cases where 0.01% was ineffective.

Repeated Low-Level Red Light Therapy for the Control of Myopia in Children: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: Repeated low-level red light (RLRL) therapy has been suggested to be effective in children with myopia. However, evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is still limited. We performed a meta-analysis of RCTs to systematically evaluate the efficacy of RLRL on changes of axial length (AL) and cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER) in children with myopia. METHODS: Relevant RCTs were obtained through a search of electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure from inception to September 15, 2022. A random-effects model was used to pool the results after incorporating the influence of potential heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses were performed according to the control treatment and follow-up duration. RESULTS: A total of seven RCTs involving 1,031 children with myopia, aged 6 to 16 years, were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with control treatment without RLRL, treatment with RLRL was associated with a significantly reduced AL (mean difference [MD]: -0.25 mm, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.32 to -0.17, P <0.001; I 2 =13%) and a significantly increased cycloplegic SER (MD: 0.60 D, 95% CI: 0.44-0.76, P <0.001; I 2 =20%). Further subgroup analyses showed consistent results in studies comparing children wearing single vision lenses and those receiving active treatment including orthokeratology or low-dose atropine eye drops, as well as studies of treatment duration of 6 and 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Results of the meta-analysis suggested that RLRL treatment is effective for slowing down the progression of myopia in children aged 6 to 16 years.